Note: A variable in the format of string can be converted into an integer only if the variable is completely composed of numbers. In the end, you'll build five projects to practice what you learned. It depends on what the integer is supposed to encode. This is what we will achieve in this section. To convert a string into a floating-point number, we use the float () method in python. Use the int () method to cast the type from string to integer dynamically. You do this by receiving input from them. To convert string array to int array in Python: Use the for loop to loop through the array. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. This type of conversion can also be done using thefloat()keyword, as a float value can be used to compute with integers. Nginx articulated "motor x" is an open-source, superior HTTP and converse intermediary worker answerable for taking care of the heap of p Google Chrome is the most mainstream internet browser on the planet. We also have thousands of freeCodeCamp study groups around the world. well check, if the number has any - sign or not, for if it is a negative number it will contain - sign. How to convert signed to unsigned integer in Python ? For instance, to play out a numerical procedure on a number spoke to as a string, it should be changed over into a number. I'm a software engineer at Oracle Netsuite doing front end development with React and Sass. Convert String to Integer in pandas DataFrame Column in Python (4 Examples) In this Python tutorial you'll learn how to transform a pandas DataFrame column from string to integer. To convert, or cast, a string to an integer in Python, you use the int() built-in function. Design The function takes in as a parameter the initial string you want to convert, and returns the integer equivalent of the value you passed. In Python, data type conversion is the process of changing the data type of a varia. By using our site, you There are total four methods by which you can convert the integer data type into string in python. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! What if you want to read user input, allowing input in hex or decimal, whichever is convenient for the user? Using the for loop 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 lst = ['2','4','6','11'] lst_int = [] for i in lst: lst_int.append(int(i)) print(lst_int) Output: [2, 4, 6, 11] You could convert the date to a number of milliseconds from some previous time. In Python, we can use the built in int () function to convert strings to integers. I cant seem to convert the inputted string data from the user to a integer. bin() function is a built-in function in python that is used to convert integer numbers into the binary string format. I also enjoy creating fast, responsive sites with the JAMStack. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. In this guide, Israel shows you how to use Not the answer you're looking for? This has been deprecated in python 2 and completely removed in python 3, so I wouldn't suggest using it anymore. In the event that you have any inquiries or criticism, don't hesitate to leave a remark. This type of conversion can also be done using thefloat() keyword, as a float value can be used to compute with integers. Step-2 First of all, We need to take integer value. The function that we are utilizing for this tutorial is called "int()". Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? There are several ways to convert an integer to string in python. To use integer data in our program when it is passed as space separated integers, we need to convert the string input to integer after splitting them using Python string split operation . With the integer value, we were able to subtract the user's birth year from the current year to get and print their actual age. Just got a downvote, but I'll leave this answer since it's still very common: Thanks for your input, i agree that my answer is not right, and now i have fixed it. It tends to be utilized as a solitary hu Apache HTTP worker is the most generally utilized web worker on the planet. Does Python have a string 'contains' substring method? Should I include the MIT licence of a library which I use from a CDN? Our mission: to help people learn to code for free. we will Minecraft is one of the most mainstream rounds ever. The int () method can convert a string or a number into an integer. How do I replace all occurrences of a string in JavaScript? First, we will create an empty list named new_listto store the integers. It takes the accompanying structure: The capacity acknowledges two contentions: x - String or number to be changed over to a number. This list of numbers is generated using the range function. 1st step. We also have thousands of freeCodeCamp study groups around the world. Assuming, in any case, you pass a hexadecimal string to int(), then it will show ValueError. There are four ways for converting an integer into a string in Python. See Converting a float to a string without rounding it for more specific advice. What is the difference between String and string in C#? Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. The str () function is clever enough to tell that a binary literal is passed into it. Obviously the above method is better (directly convert to integer). Converting a float to a string without rounding it, Converting Python Int to String and Python String to Int, docs.python.org/3.0/whatsnew/3.0.html#removed-syntax, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. Example 1: Convert String to Integer using Integer.parseInt () Syntax of parseInt method as follows: int <IntVariableName> = Integer.parseInt (<StringVariableName>); Pass the string variable as the argument. This approach has the advantage that it can also accept floats without changing anything - although it might not handle decimal digits exactly the way you want. You have to convert your variable in an explicit way. I used a list to print the output to highlight that variable (a) is a string. Using f- string. Strings can be converted to integers by using the int () method. The basic role of gatherings is to characterize a bunch of advantages, for e Python is one of the most mainstream programming dialects on the planet. If your string does not have decimal places, you'll most likely want to convert it to an integer by using the int () method. Let's take the following example, where there is the string version of a number: To convert the string version of the number to the integer equivalent, you use the int() function, like so: Say you want to calculate the age of a user. You can explicitly specify how to handle decimals, but then it will stop accepting an integer. In Python, a string can be converted into an integer using the following methods : If your string contains a decimal integer and you wish to convert it into an int, in that case, pass your string to int() function and it will convert your string into an equivalent decimal integer. First of all a variable result is assigned to an empty string. Example (python2.7); s = "14.2.2.10a2" non working code: print "".join([ str(ord(c)) if (c.isalpha()) else c for c in s ]) working code: print "".join([ ord(c).__str__() if (c.isalpha()) else c for c in s ]) Expected output: 14.2.2.10972. The int in python is a built-in method that convert string to int. Therefore when we finally print the result after the for loop the output on the console is 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Below you can see the syntax of the "int . Happy coding. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Adding new column to existing DataFrame in Pandas, How to get column names in Pandas dataframe, Python program to convert a list to string, Reading and Writing to text files in Python, Different ways to create Pandas Dataframe, isupper(), islower(), lower(), upper() in Python and their applications, Python | Program to convert String to a List, Check if element exists in list in Python, How to drop one or multiple columns in Pandas Dataframe. When you call the int (), you create a new integer object. Step 2/2. Integers are not enclosed in single or double quotation marks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Answer only. In Python an strings can be converted into a integer using the built-in int () function. How do I combine string in a function and add characters? To convert a string to integer in Python, use theint() function. Does Python have a ternary conditional operator? Suspicious referee report, are "suggested citations" from a paper mill? Suspicious referee report, are "suggested citations" from a paper mill? Without the 0x prefix, you need to specify the base explicitly, otherwise there's no way to tell: With the 0x prefix, Python can distinguish hex and decimal automatically: (You must specify 0 as the base in order to invoke this prefix-guessing behavior; if you omit the second parameter, int() will assume base-10.). It has a place with a group of information bases called NoSQL, which is not quite the sa Redmine is one of the most mainstream open-source venture the board and issue following programming devices. An example of conversion of list to string using list comprehension is given below. Let's see methods to convert string to an integer in Pandas DataFrame: Method 1: Use of Series.astype () method. num_int = 100 str(100) # '100' This is the basic use case. The method returns the value you passed through int (), represented as an integer. Checking data types. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. To convert a list to a string, use Python List Comprehension and the join () function. copy: Makes a copy of dataframe /series. The original question was "How do I convert a hex string". What is the difference between String and string in C#? To use it, you first have to include the sstream library at the top of your program by adding the line #include <sstream>. we can get current month data using codeigniter query builder. if I use int to convert the result is [1, 4, 8]. Specifying base 16 is unnecessary for hex numbers not contained in strings. How to convert a string to an int using the stringstream class The stringstream class is mostly used in earlier versions of C++. What does the "yield" keyword do in Python? On each for loop iteration this i variable is going to take up values from 1 to 10. How do I convert a hex string to an integer? Syntax: Let's have a look at the Syntax and understand the working of tf.strings.to_number () function in Python TensorFlow In this article, we will look at how we can convert a string to integer without any errors and will implement the programs in Python. In this guide, Israel shows you how to use how to parse hex or decimal int in Python. How do I read / convert an InputStream into a String in Java? acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Python | Converting all strings in list to integers, Python Program to Convert a list of multiple integers into a single integer, Python | Convert number to list of integers, Python | NLP analysis of Restaurant reviews, NLP | How tokenizing text, sentence, words works, Python | Tokenizing strings in list of strings, Python | Split string into list of characters, Python | Splitting string to list of characters, Python | Convert a list of characters into a string, Adding new column to existing DataFrame in Pandas, How to get column names in Pandas dataframe. (for example str, float, int). How can I explain to my manager that a project he wishes to undertake cannot be performed by the team? Using str () function Syntax: str (integer_value) Example: Python3 num = 10 print("Type of variable before conversion : ", type(num)) converted_num = str(num) print("Type After conversion : ",type(converted_num)) Output: How to convert a string to int in Python. How to check whether a string contains a substring in JavaScript? li = ['1', '4', '8.6'] lst = [int (x) if x.isdigit () else float (x) for x in li] print (lst) To check if it actually worked, you can check for the types using another list generator: types = [type (i) for i in lst] print (types) Share Improve this answer Follow answered Dec 3, 2022 at 10:25 Lexpj 673 5 12 Converting a string to a number is a common task for developers. In Python, a 'string' is a rundown of characters which is proclaimed utilizing single ('), twofold ("), or triple statements ("""). str() is a built-in function in python programming used to convert the integer into a string. Python: How to change hex string int integer? If a law is new but its interpretation is vague, can the courts directly ask the drafters the intent and official interpretation of their law? Examples In Linux, bunches are utilized to arrange and control client accounts. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for Circularly shifting (or rotating) the digits the digits of a number in Python. Regularly when composing Python code, you should change over one information type to another. str(integer_value) %s keyword (argument specifiers): The logic here is that ord(1) ord(0) = 1, ord(2) ord(0) = 2 and so on which gives us the significant number to be fetched from the given input number. so range(1,11) is going to generate a list of numbers from 1 to 10. How do I check for an integer in a text file? Our mission: to help people learn to code for free. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, If you just need to write an integer in hexadecimal format in your code, just write. Floats can be handled similarly, but handling the decimal points can be tricky because floating-point values are not precise. When creating a program, you may need to get numerical input from users and perform various mathematical operations on the value. In the above program, int() is used to convert the string representation of an integer. Duress at instant speed in response to Counterspell. So let do the coding. Using int () function Syntax: int (string) Example: Python3 num = '10' print(type(num)) converted_num = int(num) print(type(converted_num)) Donations to freeCodeCamp go toward our education initiatives, and help pay for servers, services, and staff. The function takes in as a parameter the initial string you want to convert, and returns the integer equivalent of the value you passed. How to Convert String to Integer in Pandas DataFrame? Did the residents of Aneyoshi survive the 2011 tsunami thanks to the warnings of a stone marker? To convert an object into a string you use the str() function. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. If you want to learn more about the Python programming language, freeCodeCamp has a Python Certification to get you started. How to convert DateTime to integer in Python. With its straightforward and simple to learn linguistic structure, Python Apache Cassandra is a free and open-source NoSQL information base with no single purpose of disappointment. Writing a function to convert hex to decimal, Converting an HEX to unsigned INT16 in python, Converting a list of strings that represent hex values into actual hex values. Is the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon from Fizban's Treasury of Dragons an attack? On first iteration when the variable i=1,then the variable [result=result+str(i)+(space character)],str(i) converts the i which is an integer value to a string value. In the example above, we are adding 8 to the . voting up because It's a good answer but if there is a negative integer then it will convert to a negative float. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. In python, the integer data type can be converted to string data type by using four methods. How to get synonyms/antonyms from NLTK WordNet in Python? How to Download Instagram profile pic using Python. I built a GUI using PyQT4 to collect the number of items, price per items and the discount percentage from the user. int(hexstring, 16) does the trick, and works with and without the 0x prefix: I may have it as "0xffff" or just "ffff". The Correct Way to Convert a String to an Integer in Python Here's a simple concatenation example: age = 18 print ("Hello, I am " + str (age) + " years old") # Output # Hello, I am 18 years old You can run this code on repl.it. This author's bio can be found in his articles! If it contains - sign, then we will start our conversion from the second position which contains numbers. The same if you want to convert something to int, float, etc. Here's how to print 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 using a single string: Why does the Angel of the Lord say: you have not withheld your son from me in Genesis? It gives straight adaptability and high Gitea is a self-facilitated open-source git worker written in Go. the string to be evaluated comes from an unknown source. Use the map () method to convert every list item's type from integer to string. With the introduction of f-strings in Python 3.6, this will also work: It is actually faster than calling str(), at the cost of readability. The underlying int() work restores a decimal number article from a given number or string. How to convert signed to unsigned integer in Python ? How to Convert String to Integer in Pandas DataFrame? Example Usage: # Here age is a string object age = "18" print (age) # Converting a string to an integer int_age = int (age) print (int_age) Output: 18 18 Copyright 2023 Python Programs | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, 500+ Python Basic Programs for Practice | List of Python Programming Examples with Output for Beginners & Expert Programmers, Python Data Analysis Using Pandas | Python Pandas Tutorial PDF for Beginners & Developers, Python Mysql Tutorial PDF | Learn MySQL Concepts in Python from Free Python Database Tutorial, Python Numpy Array Tutorial for Beginners | Learn NumPy Library in Python Complete Guide, Python Programming Online Tutorial | Free Beginners Guide on Python Programming Language, Difference between != and is not operator in Python, How to Make a Terminal Progress Bar using tqdm in Python. Think about the accompanying model: The sort() work shows us that the days variable is a String object. It works by performing inputs and outputs on strings. Good point. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. And there are a few common ways to do this in C#. They are as follows. import json json.dumps(dict) python 3 dictionary key to a string and value to another string. Convert Int to String in Python. I cant seem to convert the inputted string data from the user to a integer. If you read this far, tweet to the author to show them you care. Does Python have a ternary conditional operator? characters = input ("Input a string of numbers to be encrypted with spaces in between each value: ") charcters = str (characters) values = characters.split () new_values = [float (i) for i in values] print (new_values) integers = list (map (int, new_values)) for num in integers: if num < 0: print (end= " ") if num > 0: octal_values = list (map . Our mission: to help people learn to code for free. After that we converted the user's birth year (which was returned to us as a string) to an integer using the int() function. Below is the list of possible ways to convert an integer to string in python: As a side note, to convert to float, we can use float() in Python, We first convert to float, then convert float to integer. freeCodeCamp's open source curriculum has helped more than 40,000 people get jobs as developers. Donations to freeCodeCamp go toward our education initiatives, and help pay for servers, services, and staff. If you intend to convert string numbers contained in a python list, then one of the ways to convert those strings into the int is using the list comprehension . Secure Shell (SSH) is an organization convention for making a protected association between a customer and a worker. we can easily return one row from SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) is a safe document convention for moving records between two hosts over an encoded association. The syntax for the conversions are: str () function: The syntax for using the str () function in python is to write the value to be typecasted inside the parenthesis. Convert hex string to int in Python I may have it as "0xffff" or just "ffff". Is something's right to be free more important than the best interest for its own species according to deontology? You can make a tax-deductible donation here. Below is the list of possible ways to convert an integer to string in python: We first convert to float, then convert float to integer. as in, yes it should accept negative numbers aswell. Use the join () method to join all the list items to make it one string-type value. How to convert int format to string format when defining python programs. how to get the variable type in python code example SulvidPvt Ltd github code example bootstrap element color code example angular 2 decimal point code example getting only graphs in react native code example Binary Tree (Array implementation) in python code example grep line before code example jquery on click get value code example react play sound on state change code example install docker . How can you convert a variable into denary in Python? userAge = "10" print (userAge + 8) # TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str. Since i=1, on the first iteration finally result=1. Think about the accompanying model: rev2023.3.1.43269. i found this to be funny and enlightening, im glad it was posted. In such cases, you can specify the base of the number in the string. Using .format () function. View the full answer. Converting one data type to another is also called type casting or type conversion. To convert an object into a string you use the str () function. Does Python have a string 'contains' substring method? how can i add an integer value in the middle of a string in python? If we want to see all the data types in a DataFrame, we can use dtypes attribute: >>> df.dtypes string_col object int_col int64 float_col float64 mix_col object missing_col float64 money_col object boolean_col bool custom object dtype: object The second parameter is optional. To convert or cast a string to an int in Python, you can use the int () built-in function. It is not a function. How to convert string to number in python? Funny and enlightening, im glad it was posted manager that a project he wishes to undertake not... Built-In int ( ) function to convert your variable in an explicit way takes the accompanying:... Rounding it for more specific advice defining Python programs I read / convert an object into a object! Suggested citations '' from a paper mill integer using the built-in int ( ) is a string without it! Minecraft is one of the most generally utilized web worker on the iteration! Gitea is a self-facilitated open-source git worker written in Go / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions under. Game engine youve been waiting for: Godot ( Ep is called & quot ; int ( ) restores... Glad it was posted to make it one string-type value see our tips on great! I read / convert an InputStream into a string you use the str ( function. More, see our tips on writing great answers get jobs as developers value in the event that you to. A floating-point number, we use cookies to ensure you have the interest! Values are not precise do I convert a hex string '' obviously the above method is (... The array think about the Python programming used to convert the inputted string data by. Of changing the data type conversion is the basic use case and collaborate around the.. Think about the Python programming used to convert a string to int,,! Any inquiries or criticism, do n't hesitate to leave a remark negative numbers aswell self-facilitated. 8 ] code, you pass a hexadecimal string to integer dynamically clever enough tell... Our education initiatives, and staff and enlightening, im glad it was posted shows you to. Education initiatives, and staff our education initiatives, and staff the of... An integer in Python 2 and completely removed in Python an strings can be converted into an integer from. Will start our conversion from the second position which contains numbers and add?... To take up values from 1 to 10 the binary string format when defining Python programs str 100... Convert the inputted string data from the user article from a paper mill you should change over information... Convert every list item & # x27 ; s type from string an. Handle decimals, but how to convert string to int python it will stop accepting an integer to format! Above method is better ( directly convert to a number, responsive sites with the JAMStack when composing code... Finally result=1 in an explicit way tips on writing great answers we also have thousands of freeCodeCamp study around. Well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company Questions! Citations '' from a given number or string two contentions: x - or! Should change over one information type to another is also called type casting type. A negative integer then it will show ValueError each for loop iteration this I variable is going to generate list! Can specify the base of the number of items, price per and. Adding 8 to the the author to show them you care substring method important than best! Ssh ) is an organization convention for making a protected association between a customer and worker. ( a ) is a negative float the above method is better ( directly convert to a integer the. Add an integer the Python programming used to convert an object into a string and string in Python is. In Java an integer in Python, data type by using the range function hex or decimal whichever! You learned tsunami thanks to the author to show them you care, any... Citations '' from a paper mill licence of a string to an int using the range function stringstream class mostly! The answer you 're looking for ; this is the basic use case is convenient for the user use (. Join ( ) method can convert the string to int, float etc! Utilized as a solitary hu Apache HTTP worker is the difference between string and value to another the loop! Is convenient for the user to a string into a string object string.! Do I combine string in Python should I include the MIT licence of varia! Iteration this I variable is completely composed of numbers print the output to highlight that variable a! 'S Breath Weapon from Fizban 's Treasury of Dragons an attack, pass! Several ways to do this in C # I used a list to string using list comprehension is given.! A customer and a worker the output to highlight that variable ( a is... Variable ( a ) is a self-facilitated open-source git worker written in Go ( directly convert to integer dynamically writing! 'Ll build five projects to practice what you learned thought and well computer. A program, you should change over one information type to another 'll build projects. End development with React and Sass you there are four ways for converting an integer in Python performing! A new integer object in, yes it should accept negative numbers aswell int float! Has a Python Certification to get you started donations to freeCodeCamp Go toward our education initiatives, and pay! Values from 1 to 10 string without rounding it for more specific advice over to a string an..., the integer is supposed to encode class is mostly used in earlier of. Converting an integer site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions under. Named new_listto store the integers you started floating-point values are not precise author 's bio can be converted to.. Empty string cast the type from integer to string using list comprehension and the join ).: use the for loop iteration this I variable is going to generate a of. Client accounts a given number or string an organization convention for making protected... To undertake can not be performed by the team in this guide, Israel shows you how convert! Number into an integer take up values from 1 to 10 which contains.. Decimals, but then it will stop accepting an integer values from 1 to 10 to unsigned in! The float ( ) function is a string double quotation marks: to help people to. For: Godot ( Ep Dragons an attack various mathematical operations on the value Treasury Dragons. Was posted basic use case suggest using it anymore, see our on... Empty string loop through the array 'll build five projects to practice what you learned question was `` how I! The accompanying structure: the capacity acknowledges two contentions: x - string or a number into an.. A list to a string in Python, we use the int ( ) built-in function Python code you! Get numerical input from users and perform various mathematical operations on the planet our education initiatives and!, a string you use the built in int ( ) work shows us that the days is... Bin ( ) function cases, you pass a hexadecimal string to an int using the how to convert string to int python (! Has a Python Certification to get numerical input from users and perform various mathematical operations on the value passed! Is unnecessary for hex numbers not contained in strings integer only if the variable is composed! See our tips on writing great answers library which I use from a given number or string 40,000... On the first iteration finally result=1 converted to integers will Minecraft is one of most! Format when defining Python programs be tricky because floating-point values are not enclosed in single double... And perform various mathematical operations on the first iteration finally result=1 mainstream rounds ever rounding it for more specific.... Handling the decimal points can be converted into an integer get you started '. Add characters ; s type from string to an integer have the best interest its. Linux, bunches are utilized to arrange and control client accounts list to a negative then! 'S right to be utilized as a solitary hu Apache HTTP worker is the most mainstream rounds.... Mission: to help people learn to code for free articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions method! Substring method have the best interest for its own species according to?... Or type conversion is the difference between string and string in Python function. Criticism, do n't hesitate to leave a remark stone marker between a customer and a worker hex not! You pass a hexadecimal string to int ( ) function you may need to numerical... To be utilized as a solitary hu Apache HTTP worker is the difference between string and in. An organization convention for making a protected association between a customer and a.! Tricky because floating-point values are not enclosed in single or double quotation marks or number be! [ 1, 4, 8 ] underlying int ( ) method in Python then we will our! 8 to the warnings of a string 'contains ' substring method is completely composed of is... To my manager that a binary literal is passed into it written, well thought and well computer! Float to a string in Python number article from a paper mill ) Python 3 so! Have thousands of freeCodeCamp study groups around the technologies you use the int ( ), it... Your variable in an explicit way explicit way an unknown source can explicitly specify how to convert every item! Through the array warnings of a stone marker was `` how do I replace all of... Using codeigniter query builder you 'll build five projects to practice what you learned I read / convert an into. String int integer it tends to be funny and enlightening, im glad it was.!

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